Carla J. Greenbaum, MD

Director, Center for Interventional Immunology; Director, Diabetes Research Program; Member
Email: 
cjgreen@benaroyaresearch.org
Office Phone: 
206-342-6933

Background Information

Dr. Greenbaum received her undergraduate and medical degrees at Brown University then pursued her endocrinology fellowship at University of Washington, where she continues as clinical faculty. She joined the Benaroya Research Institute (BRI) in 2000, where she is Director of the Center for Interventional Immunology, Diabetes Research Program and the BRI Clinical Research Center and a Member at BRI. Dr. Greenbaum serves on the Board of Directors for BRI and is a member of the BRI Institutional Review Board, which provides oversight for clinical studies.

Area of Research

Dr. Greenbaum is a clinical investigator who focuses on the natural history of type 1 diabetes, specifically with prediction of disease and interventions to alter immune-mediated beta cell function. She has conducted studies evaluating beta cell function and other physiologic and immune changes that occur during the progression of the natural history of type 1 diabetes. 

In addition to clinical trials, she works to facilitate translational research initiatives locally and nationally. Her considerable expertise includes clinical trial design and implementation, and evaluation of biomarkers for disease course and response to therapy. She currently serves as Chair of Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet, an NIH sponsored international consortium to conduct multiple clinical trials in type 1 diabetes. Dr. Greenbaum is the PI for the TrialNet Northwest Clinical Center and in this role, she is responsible for protocol development and clinical issues. In addition, she leads the TrialNet Clinical Network Hub, a newer NIDDK initiative which works collaboratively with the TrialNet Coordinating Center and other clinical centers nationwide to identify and implement sustainable, scalable processes and improvements within the TrialNet consortium. She is also involved with clinical trials with the NIH-sponsored Immune Tolerance Network and the Diabetes Vaccine Development Center in Australia, as well as Phase I/II pharmaceutical trials. Dr. Greenbaum is a member of the University of Washington’s CTSA leadership group. She serves on various national and international scientific review committees focusing on clinical and translational research.  

Diabetes Research Program

Featured Publications

Yang J, Wen X, Xu H, Torres-Chinn N, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Nepom GT, Kwok WW. Antigen-Specific T Cell Analysis Reveals That Active Immune Responses to beta Cell Antigens Are Focused on a Unique Set of Epitopes. J Immunol. 2017;199(1):91-6.  [PMID: 28550202]; [PMCID: PMC5505653].

Speake C, Whalen E, Gersuk VH, Chaussabel D, Odegard JM, Greenbaum CJ. Longitudinal monitoring of gene expression in ultra-low-volume blood samples self-collected at home. Clin Exp Immunol. 2017;188(2):226-33.  [PMID: 28009047]; [PMCID: PMC5383441].

Cerosaletti K, Barahmand-Pour-Whitman F, Yang J, DeBerg HA, Dufort MJ, Murray SA, Israelsson E, Speake C, Gersuk VH, Eddy JA, Reijonen H, Greenbaum CJ, Kwok WW, Wambre E, Prlic M, Gottardo R, Nepom GT, Linsley PS. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Expanded Clones of Islet Antigen-Reactive CD4+ T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes. J Immunol. 2017;199(1):323-35.  [PMID: 28566371]; [PMCID: PMC5499675].

Battaglia M, Anderson MS, Buckner JH, Geyer SM, Gottlieb PA, Kay TWH, Lernmark A, Muller S, Pugliese A, Roep BO, Greenbaum CJ, Peakman M. Understanding and preventing type 1 diabetes through the unique working model of TrialNet. Diabetologia. 2017.  [PMID: 28770323].

Hundhausen C, Roth A, Whalen E, Chen J, Schneider A, Long SA, Wei S, Rawlings R, Kinsman M, Evanko SP, Wight TN, Greenbaum CJ, Cerosaletti K, Buckner JH. Enhanced T cell responses to IL-6 in type 1 diabetes are associated with early clinical disease and increased IL-6 receptor expression. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(356):356ra119.  [PMID: 27629486]; [PMCID: PMC5125295].

Hao W, Gitelman S, DiMeglio LA, Boulware D, Greenbaum CJ, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study G. Fall in C-Peptide During First 4 Years From Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes: Variable Relation to Age, HbA1c, and Insulin Dose. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(10):1664-70.  [PMID: 27422577]; [PMCID: PMC5033079].

Wherrett DK, Chiang JL, Delamater AM, DiMeglio LA, Gitelman SE, Gottlieb PA, Herold KC, Lovell DJ, Orchard TJ, Ryan CM, Schatz DA, Wendler DS, Greenbaum CJ, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study G. Defining pathways for development of disease-modifying therapies in children with type 1 diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(10):1975-85.  [PMID: 26404927]; [PMCID: PMC4876737].

Insel RA, Dunne JL, Atkinson MA, Chiang JL, Dabelea D, Gottlieb PA, Greenbaum CJ, Herold KC, Krischer JP, Lernmark A, Ratner RE, Rewers MJ, Schatz DA, Skyler JS, Sosenko JM, Ziegler AG. Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: a scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(10):1964-74.  [PMID: 26404926]; [PMCID: PMC5321245].

Davis AK, DuBose SN, Haller MJ, Miller KM, DiMeglio LA, Bethin KE, Goland RS, Greenberg EM, Liljenquist DR, Ahmann AJ, Marcovina SM, Peters AL, Beck RW, Greenbaum CJ, Network TDEC. Prevalence of detectable C-Peptide according to age at diagnosis and duration of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(3):476-81.  [PMID: 25519448].

Rigby MR, Harris KM, Pinckney A, DiMeglio LA, Rendell MS, Felner EI, Dostou JM, Gitelman SE, Griffin KJ, Tsalikian E, Gottlieb PA, Greenbaum CJ, Sherry NA, Moore WV, Monzavi R, Willi SM, Raskin P, Keyes-Elstein L, Long SA, Kanaparthi S, Lim N, Phippard D, Soppe CL, Fitzgibbon ML, McNamara J, Nepom GT, Ehlers MR. Alefacept provides sustained clinical and immunological effects in new-onset type 1 diabetes patients. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(8):3285-96.  [PMID: 26193635]; [PMCID: PMC4623571].

Pescovitz MD, Greenbaum CJ, Bundy B, Becker DJ, Gitelman SE, Goland R, Gottlieb PA, Marks JB, Moran A, Raskin P, Rodriguez H, Schatz DA, Wherrett DK, Wilson DM, Krischer JP, Skyler JS, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Anti CDSG. B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab and beta-cell function: two-year results. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(2):453-9.  [PMID: 24026563]; [PMCID: PMC3898764].

Orban T, Bundy B, Becker DJ, Dimeglio LA, Gitelman SE, Goland R, Gottlieb PA, Greenbaum CJ, Marks JB, Monzavi R, Moran A, Peakman M, Raskin P, Russell WE, Schatz D, Wherrett DK, Wilson DM, Krischer JP, Skyler JS, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Abatacept Study G. Costimulation modulation with abatacept in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: follow-up 1 year after cessation of treatment. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(4):1069-75.  [PMID: 24296850]; [PMCID: PMC3964491].

Moran A, Bundy B, Becker DJ, DiMeglio LA, Gitelman SE, Goland R, Greenbaum CJ, Herold KC, Marks JB, Raskin P, Sanda S, Schatz D, Wherrett DK, Wilson DM, Krischer JP, Skyler JS, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Canakinumab Study G, Pickersgill L, de Koning E, Ziegler AG, Boehm B, Badenhoop K, Schloot N, Bak JF, Pozzilli P, Mauricio D, Donath MY, Castano L, Wagner A, Lervang HH, Perrild H, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Group AS. Interleukin-1 antagonism in type 1 diabetes of recent onset: two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet. 2013;381(9881):1905-15.  [PMID: 23562090]; [PMCID: PMC3827771].

Herold KC, Gitelman SE, Ehlers MR, Gottlieb PA, Greenbaum CJ, Hagopian W, Boyle KD, Keyes-Elstein L, Aggarwal S, Phippard D, Sayre PH, McNamara J, Bluestone JA, Ab ATEST. Teplizumab (anti-CD3 mAb) treatment preserves C-peptide responses in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial: metabolic and immunologic features at baseline identify a subgroup of responders. Diabetes. 2013;62(11):3766-74.  [PMID: 23835333]; [PMCID: PMC3806618].

Wherrett DK, Bundy B, Becker DJ, DiMeglio LA, Gitelman SE, Goland R, Gottlieb PA, Greenbaum CJ, Herold KC, Marks JB, Monzavi R, Moran A, Orban T, Palmer JP, Raskin P, Rodriguez H, Schatz D, Wilson DM, Krischer JP, Skyler JS, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet GADSG. Antigen-based therapy with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) vaccine in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9788):319-27.  [PMID: 21714999]; [PMCID: PMC3580128].

Orban T, Bundy B, Becker DJ, DiMeglio LA, Gitelman SE, Goland R, Gottlieb PA, Greenbaum CJ, Marks JB, Monzavi R, Moran A, Raskin P, Rodriguez H, Russell WE, Schatz D, Wherrett D, Wilson DM, Krischer JP, Skyler JS, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Abatacept Study G. Co-stimulation modulation with abatacept in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9789):412-9.  [PMID: 21719096]; [PMCID: PMC3462593].

Gottlieb PA, Quinlan S, Krause-Steinrauf H, Greenbaum CJ, Wilson DM, Rodriguez H, Schatz DA, Moran AM, Lachin JM, Skyler JS, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet MMFDZBSG. Failure to preserve beta-cell function with mycophenolate mofetil and daclizumab combined therapy in patients with new- onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(4):826-32.  [PMID: 20067954]; [PMCID: PMC2845036].

Pescovitz MD, Greenbaum CJ, Krause-Steinrauf H, Becker DJ, Gitelman SE, Goland R, Gottlieb PA, Marks JB, McGee PF, Moran AM, Raskin P, Rodriguez H, Schatz DA, Wherrett D, Wilson DM, Lachin JM, Skyler JS, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Anti CDSG. Rituximab, B-lymphocyte depletion, and preservation of beta-cell function. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(22):2143-52.  [PMID: 19940299].

Skyler JS, Krischer JP, Wolfsdorf J, Cowie C, Palmer JP, Greenbaum C, Cuthbertson D, Rafkin-Mervis LE, Chase HP, Leschek E. Effects of oral insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes: The Diabetes Prevention Trial--Type 1. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(5):1068-76.  [PMID: 15855569].

Greenbaum CJ, Eisenbarth G, Atkinson M, Yu L, Babu S, Schatz D, Zeidler A, Orban T, Wasserfall C, Cuthbertson D, Krischer J, group DPTs. High frequency of abnormal glucose tolerance in DQA1*0102/DQB1*0602 relatives identified as part of the Diabetes Prevention Trial--Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2005;48(1):68-74.  [PMID: 15602651].

Greenbaum CJ, Harrison LC, Immunology of Diabetes S. Guidelines for intervention trials in subjects with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003;52(5):1059-65.  [PMID: 12716733].

DPT-1 Study Group. Effects of insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(22):1685-91. [PMID: 12037147]

Greenbaum CJ, Prigeon RL, D'Alessio DA. Impaired beta-cell function, incretin effect, and glucagon suppression in patients with type 1 diabetes who have normal fasting glucose. Diabetes. 2002;51(4):951-7.  [PMID: 11916912].

Greenbaum CJ, Cuthbertson D, Krischer JP, Disease Prevention Trial of Type IDSG. Type I diabetes manifested solely by 2-h oral glucose tolerance test criteria. Diabetes. 2001;50(2):470-6.  [PMID: 11272162].

Greenbaum CJ, Havel PJ, Taborsky GJ, Jr., Klaff LJ. Intra-islet insulin permits glucose to directly suppress pancreatic A cell function. J Clin Invest. 1991;88(3):767-73.  [PMID: 1679440]; [PMCID: PMC295460].